Program design, decomposition, data structures (lists, sets, dictionaries), and abstraction—building on fundamentals.

HTML, CSS, JavaScript—front-end foundations relevant for full-stack developers.

Fundamental statistics & probability—useful for data analysis and algorithms.

Object-oriented programming (OOP), recursion, linked structures, and algorithm optimization.

SQL & NoSQL concepts, ER modeling, and database normalization.

Front-end integration (important for full-stack developers connecting APIs to UIs).

Explores different paradigms—functional, OOP, scripting—critical for selecting the right backend tools.

Node.js, Express, REST APIs, authentication, and middleware.

Git, Agile methodologies, DevOps workflows, and software collaboration.

Processes, threading, memory management, system calls—key for backend infrastructure.

Scalable & maintainable backend architecture—ensuring long-term efficiency.

Understanding backend integration for mobile apps, API handling.

Building large-scale, production-ready backend applications with Agile & DevOps strategies.